What do radical Islamists, advocates for illegal aliens, civil libertarians suing on behalf of "enemy combatants," and the Christian right have in common? The desire to expand the boundaries of a social contract.
The furor over editorial cartoons depicting the Muslim Prophet Muhammad has been described as a conflict between religious beliefs and the Western concept of freedom of the press. But both Islamic fundamentalists have made points that suggest that this is not really what it's about. Muslims feel that the freedom-of-the-press rationale is a thinly disguised cover for bias against Islam, pointing out that a cartoon that made a joke out about the Holocaust or featured anti-Semitic sentiments would never have made it onto the pages of any mainstream Western news publication. And they're right. But in their demand for an apology from Western governments -- entities that had nothing to do with the publication of the cartoons in question, they also demonstrate that they don't understand the difference between respect for a religion and a demand for obedience. As the German newspaper
Die Welt put it (roughly), although we might respect Islam as a religion, but why do we, who aren't Muslim, have to obey its dictates and rules?
Why indeed. In fact, the conflict isn't about freedom of the press at all, and neither is it about respect for another religion's beliefs. It's a debate as to the boundaries of the social contract that guides all Western governments. I'm grossly oversimplifying here, but in an age of near-absolute monarchic power, where kings claimed their right to rule came from heaven or the Church -- some divine power, social contract theorists proposed that any government's right to rule came as a result of an unwritten social contract.
To wit: in a country or a group, there is an agreement that the masses will fulfill their duties and obey the laws as set down by the government -- even when it might be against their individual interests. In return for this submission, a government agrees to provide certain benefits -- defense against a common enemy, public welfare, protection from crime, etc. It is understood that if either side fails to fulfill his, her, or their obligations under this social contract, there will be consequences. A person who breaks the law in the United States, for example, can expect to go on trial and be fined, imprisoned, or, in extreme cases, executed. If some aspect of the U.S. government fails in its duty, however, it can expect to be changed: an elected official might be voted out of office, impeached, and face the consequences of a trial, while an inefficient agency might be dismantled.
(Each religion can be thought of as a group with a social contract. The clergy, in the name of some relevant divinity, sets down rules for the masses: Obey the dictates of your faith, and you will receive divine protection, worldly success in this life, and/or glory and rewards in the afterlife. The clergy, in return, get the satisfaction of being obeyed and material support (food, shelter, money, more money, etc.) Personally, I think the masses in any religion are getting the shit end of the deal in this type of contract, but that's a topic for another time.)
The general understanding regarding any contract -- social or otherwise -- is that the terms of the contract are only binding on the participants of that contract. When you buy something from the local Walgreens, you enter into a basic contract: if you give Walgreens $1.53, Walgreens will give you this stick of Chapstick or whatever. Only a looney would then demand that the grocery store next door chip in and give you a pack of gum, or give you back your money if the Chapstick is defective. And similarly, only a looney merchant would march over and demand that you also pay him for that Chapstick, right? Because the contract in question concerns only you and Walgreen's.
In terms of a social contract, it would seem clear that there are social contracts between religions clerics and their followers -- and no one else. There are social contracts between governments and their citizens -- and no one else.
But what radical Islamists, the Chrisitian evangelical right, illegal-alien rights activists, and advocates for "enemy combatants" all demand is that a third party take part in only one aspect of their respective social contracts. Reap the rewards without paying the price, or pay the price without the corresponding reward? Is it so difficult for these people to understand the concept of a contract?
Let's start with the most topical example: infuriated Muslims are demanding that everyone, Muslim or not, submit to their holy prohibition against the depiction of Muhammad -- whether in a satirical fashion or not. But why should anyone who is not Islamic be obligated to follow the laws of Islam? Remember that I'm not arguing about whether or not the cartoons were offensive -- but whether I, a non-Muslim, have any obligation to obey the dictates of Islam. Sure, it's offensive of me to suggest that the reason why Muslims don't eat pork is because Muhammad loved to fuck and molest pigs and didn't want people eating his lovers. And there's no way a Muslim would be allowed to say anything like that. But why can't I? I'm not going to get to go to Paradise when I die, and no imam will speak for me or comfort me if I'm in trouble.
In a similar fashion, Christian evangelicals like Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson always want us to follow the dictates of evangelical Christendom: stone the faggots, murder the abortion providers, post the Ten Commandments everywhere, pray everyday, etc. etc. But why should I? When I die, I won't be rewarded by going to Heaven, and God certainly isn't the one responsible for any good things in my life.
I never agreed to be a Christian, so why I should I obey any of the dictates of the Bible? I think God has much to answer for, and if I had my way, he'd be tortured and abused for all eternity for all the wrongs He's wrought. FUCK GOD UP THE ASS WITH A DUNG COATED BROKEN BOTTLE, I say.
But it's not just about religion. There are those who think we should provide government medical care and free billingual education to illegal aliens, that illegal aliens deserve civil liberties, welfare aid and even driver's licenses, from the U.S. government. Well, why?? The social contract in the United States is between the government and its
citizens. Did these aliens swear allegiance and loyalty to the United States of America? Do they pay taxes? Have they agreed to obey U.S. laws? Are they serving in the U.S. military? No? Then they've never fulfilled their part of the social contract or demonstrated that they intend to. If I go into Best Buy and refuse to pay, I don't get to take home a new laptop computer! Why does an illegal alien get to come in and reap government benefits when he or she hasn't done anything in return? I know, a lot of people will insist that they have done something in return -- picked our produce, cleaned the houses of our rich, cooked the food in our restaurants, etc. That's a contract between the alien and his/her employer. He got paid for those services and that's all he deserves for them.
And the same thing goes for "enemy combatants." Many people think these prisoners deserve the same rights as those who have been accused of civilian crimes. But those rights were explicitly guaranteed in our Constitution to
citizens. I can see my way to extending those rights to permanent residents -- people who have stated their intent to become citizens and agreed to fulfill the terms of the corresponding social contract. But I doubt the guys that were captured fighting against U.S. troops in Afghanistan or Iraq ever agreed to such terms.
Of course, there are those that cite the Geneva Conventions as the source of these detainees' rights. Well, the same argument applies. The Geneva Conventions imply a social contract: act in a certain way in times of war -- wear a uniform, salute officers of the opposing side, avoid attacking civilians, etc. Those detainees have violated so many parts of the Conventions that I don't understand how they have the brazenness and gall to claim protection from them.
I guess we can go back to the Greeks -- and Plato in particular -- for the answer to all these issues. "What is justice?" asks Socrates in Plato's
Republic. After much debate, the great Socrates concludes that, in a nutshell, that justice is everyone minding their own fucking, goddamn business.
So go on. Fuck off. I got me some sausages to eat.